top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Education Quarterly Reviews

ISSN 2621-5799

asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 28 March 2023

Teaching Notes – Employment Discrimination

Richard J. Hunter., Jr, John H. Shannon, Henry J. Amoroso

Seton Hall University, University of Tulsa

asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1993.06.01.732

Pages: 605-621

Keywords: Employment Law, Employment Discrimination, Job Testing, Sexual Harassment, Reasonable Accommodations, Undue Hardship

Abstract

This article, the third in the series of Teaching Notes on topics in a traditional Legal Environment of Business class, deals with employment law and employment discrimination. Specifically, the article discusses four major pieces of legislation: The Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination Act of 1967, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1980, as well as the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which was enacted as a result of a decision of the United States Supreme Court. The article outlines the major provisions of each of these statutes, cites to major cases decided by federal courts, and describes any exceptions and exemptions. In addition, the article discusses job testing, bona fide occupational qualifications, and sexual harassment in the workplace. The article will offer suggestions to managers and employers in order to avoid the “pitfalls” of non-compliance with the obligations imposed by each of these important statutes and administrative regulations.

References

  1. ADA National Network (2023). What are public accommodations? Adata.org, https://adata.org/faq/what-are--public-accommodations(accessed March 4, 2023).

  2. Age Discrimination in Employment Act. 81 Stat. 602 (1968).

  3. Age Discrimination in Employment Amendments of 1986. Public Law No: 99-592 (1986).

  4. Airline Pilots Ass’n v. Quesada. 286 F.2d 319 (1961). (U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2ndCircuit)

  5. Altitude Express Incorporated v. Zarda (2021). 140 S. Ct. 1731 (United States Supreme Court).

  6. Americans with Disabilities Act. 104 Stat. 327 (1990).

  7. Anderson, C.L. (2006). What is “because of the disability” under the Americans with Disabilities Act? Reasonable accommodation, causation, and the Windfall doctrine. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law, 27: 323-382.

  8. Andrews, K.T. & Gaby, S. (2015). Local protest and federal policy: The impact of the civil rights movement on the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Sociological Forum, 30(51): 509-527.

  9. Bangerter, R. & Kleiner, B.H. (2005). Equal Opportunities International, 24(5/6): 86-92.

  10. Befort, S.F. & Donesky, T.H. (2000). Reassignment under the Americans with Disabilities Act: Reasonable accommodations, affirmative action, or both? Washington & Lee Law Review, 57: 1045-1094.

  11. Beugnot, J. & Peterle, E. (2020). Gender bias in job referrals: An experimental test. Journal of Economic Psychology, 76: 102209, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:joepsy:v:76:y:2020:i:c:s016748701930090x

  12. Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia (2020). 140 S. Ct. 1731 (United States Supreme Court).

  13. Bowman, L. (2011). Americans with Disabilities Act as amended: Principles and practice. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education, Winter 2001, 132: 85-95.

  14. Brown, P. (2014). The Civil Rights Act of 1964. Washington University Law Review, 92(2): 527-552.

  15. Burden, L. (2019). 7 best practices for ADA compliance. HR Dive (January 7, 2019), https://www.hrdive/com/news/7-best-practices-for-ada-compliance/545109/

  16. Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth (1998). 534 U.S. 743 (United States Supreme Court).

  17. Burn, I. et al. (2020). Older workers need not apply? Ageist language in job ads and age discrimination in hiring. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBIR) Working Paper 26552 (May 2020), https://www.nber.org/papers/w26552

  18. Burns, J.E. & Burns, C.G. (1973). An analysis of the Equal Pay Act. Labor Law Journal, 24(2): 92-99.

  19. Chambers, J.L., Jr. (2008). Civil Rights Act of 1964. University of Richmond Scholarship Repository, https://scholarship.richmond.edu/law-faculty-publications/928/

  20. Civil Rights Act of 1964. 78 Stat. 241 (1964).

  21. Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974). 414 U.S. 632 (United States Supreme Court).

  22. Coffield, T. (2023). ADA job restructuring law. Coffield Law (Blog), https://coffieldlaw.com/ada-job-restructuring-law/ (accessed March 6, 2023).

  23. Corning Glass Works v. Brennan (1974). 417 U.S. 188 (United States Supreme Court).

  24. Elisburg, D. (1978). Equal pay in the United States: The development and implementation of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Labor Law Journal, 29(4): 195-208.

  25. Equal Pay Act of 1963. 77 Stat. 56 (1963).

  26. Eyer, K. (2021). The but-for theory of anti-discriminatory law. Virginia Law Review, 107: 1621-1710.

  27. Essex-Sorlie, D. (1994). The Americans with Disabilities Act: I. History, summary, and key components. Academic Medicine, 69(7): 519-524.

  28. Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (1998). 524 U.S. 775 (United States Supreme Court).

  29. Ferris, K. (2021). Supreme Court expands ministerial exception to lay teachers at Catholic elementary schools- Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru. Suffolk University Law Review, 54: 423-437.

  30. Fitzgerald, D.K. (2018). A professor’s last crucial decision: When to retire. The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 30, 2018), https://www.chronicle.com/article/a-professors-last-crucial-decision-when-to-retire/

  31. Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992). 503 U.S. 60 (United States Supreme Court)

  32. Gaffney, E.J., Jr. (1985). Factors other than sex: The catchall exception to the Equal Pay Act. Cooley Law Review, 3(1): 75-96.

  33. Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971). 401 U.S. 424 (United States Supreme Court).

  34. Gross v. FBL Financial Services (2009). 557 U.S. 167 (United States Supreme Court).

  35. Grossman, J.L. (2009). The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009: President Obama’s first signed bill restores essential protection against pay discrimination. Find Law (February 13, 2009), https://supreme.findlaw.com/legal-commentary/the-lilly-ledbetter-fair-pay-act-of-2009-1.html

  36. Harris v. EEOC (2021). 140 S. Ct. 1731 (United States Supreme Court).

  37. Hunter, R.J. & Shannon, J.H. (2017. The confluence of the Americans with Disabilities Act with administrative law: The case of the recalcitrant or perhaps dangerous employee. Texas Tech Administrative Law Journal, 18(1): 83-101.

  38. Hunter, R.J., Shannon, J.H., & Amoroso, H.J. (2018). A fresh look at an old problem- Age discrimination in employment: Is there a demographic and political trap? Journal of Public Administration and Government, 8(1): 68-85.

  39. Hunter, R.J., Shannon, J.H., & Amoroso, H.J. (2019). Employment discrimination based on age: Part II: Applying the ADEA in employment scenarios: Discrimination, idle chatter, or something else? Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(1): 1-17.

  40. Johnson v. Transportation Agency (1987). 480 U.S. 616 (United States Supreme Court).

  41. Jones, N.L. (2006). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): The definition of disability. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9274/

  42. Jones, S.M. (1987). Applying disparate impact theory to subjective employee selection procedures. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 20(2): 375-420.

  43. Junker, M. (2019). Ending LGBTQ employment discrimination by Catholic institutions. Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 40(2): 403-442.

  44. Keating, A. (2010). Reexamining reasonableness: An analysis of reasonable accommodation under the ADA. SSRN Electronic Journal, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1597416

  45. Kenton, w. (2022). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967.asp

  46. Kissinger, A. (1995). Civil rights and professional wrongs: A female lawyer’s dilemma. Texas Law Review, 73: 1419-1460.

  47. Kiviniemi, J. & Sanjo, C. (2012). The Americans with Disabilities Act: Provisions and protections. Nova Science Publishing: Hauppauge, N.Y, https://www.researchgate.net/publications/291107716_The_Americans_with_Disabiities_Act_ADA_Provisions_and_protections

  48. Knight v. Nassau County Civil Serv. Comm’n (1981). 649 F.2nd 157 (United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit).

  49. Legal Match (2023). Employer liability for sexual harassment. Legal Match, https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/employer-liability-for-sexual-harassment.html (accessed March 5, 2023).

  50. Leslie, M., Rumrill, P.D., McMahon, B. & Cormier, A.G. (2023). Differences in Americans with Disabilities Act Title 1 discrimination allegations filed by people with learning disabilities and other disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (Pre-press): 1-10, https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-vocational-rehabilitation/jvr230003

  51. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. 123 Stat. 5 (2009).

  52. Loevy, R.D. (1990). To end all segregation: The politics of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Philosophy Papers, https://philpapers.org/rec/LOETEA-3

  53. McCord, M. (2023). What does “undue hardship” mean? - A deconstructive series for ADA terminology. JAN (Job Accommodation Network), https://askjan.org/articles/Undue-Hardship-is-a-Process.cfm (accessed March 4, 2023).