top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Journal of Social and Political

Sciences

ISSN 2615-3718 (Online)

ISSN 2621-5675 (Print)

asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 29 July 2023

Papua as the Window of Indonesia’s Spirit for the Melanesian Communities

Ervan Christawan, Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, I Wayan Midhio, Afrizal Hendra, I Gede Sumertha

Republic of Indonesia Defense University

journal of social and political sciences
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1991.06.03.426

Pages: 15-72

Keywords: Papua as the Window of Indonesia’s Spirit, Melanesian Culture Preservation, Geopolitical Dynamics, Sustainable Development, Indonesia Golden 2045

Abstract

This journal aims to establish Papua as the window of Indonesia's spirit for the Melanesian communities. Using a comprehensive qualitative literature review approach, the research analyzes strategies that address geopolitical dynamics, resource competition, cultural and technological impacts, regulatory frameworks, and implementation processes. The article acknowledges challenges in historical grievances, governance, infrastructure, environmental risks, and social cohesion in both Indonesia and Papua. To unlock Papua's well-being and security, several key initiatives are proposed. These initiatives include preserving cultural heritage, improving education and healthcare, developing infrastructure and tourism, promoting regional cooperation, and ensuring equitable benefits for indigenous Papuan communities. Emphasizing drivers of competitiveness such as innovation, research, human capital, and regional integration, the research identifies sectors with growth potential, such as natural resources, agriculture, renewable energy, tourism, and manufacturing. To fulfill Indonesia's global role, an outward-oriented strategy that prioritizes cultural values, economic progress, environmental conservation, maritime collaboration, and diplomatic engagement is recommended. Successful implementation of these strategies is expected to enhance regional stability, increase prosperity, improve cooperation, and achieve inclusive and sustainable development in Papua. The article provides recommendations for strengthening national identity, preserving cultural diversity, empowering local communities, enhancing education, promoting social cohesion, ensuring environmental sustainability, and strengthening global partnerships. By implementing these initiatives, Indonesia can effectively navigate geopolitical dynamics, unlock Papua's economic potential, and foster inclusive growth. This research aligns with the vision of Indonesia Golden 2045, promoting a harmonious, prosperous, and inclusive environment.

References

  1. Asaribab, H. (2014). Revitalization of UN Resolution No. 2504 on the results of the Act of Free Choice in West Irian (Papua) to enhance national resilience in order to realize the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA LII. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  2. Ashbee, E. (2021). The Blue Dot Network, Economic Power, and China’s Belt & Road Initiative. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 48(2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2021.1964886

  3. Asmoro, R. D., Toruan, T. L., Anwar, S., & Simbolon, L. (2021). Implementation of international norms and practices in Indonesian diplomacy 1962-1969 in maintaining West Irian as an inseparable part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Jurnal Pertahanan, 7(3), 541-550.

  4. Aditya, N. R. (2021). Resolving the Conflict in Papua Requires a Collaborative Approach. Kompas. Link

  5. Ananta, A. & Utami, D., & Handayani, N. (2016). Statistics on Ethnic Diversity in the Land of Papua, Indonesia: Ethnic Diversity in Land of Papua, Indonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 3. DOI:10.1002/app5.143

  6. Bargár, P. (2021). The Modern, the Postmodern, and the Metamodern? Reflections on a Transforming Sensibility from the Perspective of Theological Anthropology. Transformation, 38(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378820976944

  7. Bentley, S. (2023). The Maritime Fulcrum of the Indo-Pacific: Indonesia and Malaysia Respond to China’s Creeping Expansion in the South China Sea. Naval War College China Maritime Study, 17

  8. Berry. A. (2023). The signing of the Security Pact, the US provides equipment worth $12.4 million to Papua New Guinea. VOAIndonesia. Link

  9. Berkofsky, A., & Miracola, S. (2019). Geopolitics by other means: The Indo-Pacific reality. Ledizioni Ledi Publishing: Milan.

  10. Boyu, L., Efimova, O., Vasiev, M., & Qian, W. (2022). Belt and Road Initiative for environmental economic development: A Case Study of cooperation between China and Russia in transport sector. BRICS Journal of Economics 3(4), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e91318

  11. Cantiasa, I. N. (2017). Empowering the potential of the Papua region to enhance the welfare of the community in the context of national resilience. Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA XXI. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  12. Cerutti, E., Gopinath, G., & Mohommad, A. (2019). The Impact of US-China Trade Tensions. Link

  13. Christawan, E. (2021). Building national competence in order to enhance economic resilience. Individual Scientific Paper of PPRA LXII. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  14. Christopher, B. (2002). Postmodernism-A Very Short Introduction. New York Oxford University Press.

  15. Clarke, M. (2017). The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s New Grand Strategy? Asia Policy, 24, 71–79. Link

  16. CNN Indonesia. (2021). The Government Officially Declares Papua's Armed Criminal Group (KKB) as Terrorists. Link

  17. CNN Indonesia. (2021). Special Autonomy Fund for Papua Reaches Rp138.65 Trillion in the Last 20 Years. Link

  18. CNN Indonesia. (2022). Controversy over Rp1,000 Trillion Special Autonomy Fund in Papua After Lukas Enembe Becomes a Suspect. Link

  19. Democracy and Justice Governance Partnership for Governance Reform. (2012). Basic values of Papuan people in managing governance. Indonesia Forestry and Governance Institute.

  20. Doob, L. (1950). Goebbels' Principles of Nazi Propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarterly 3, 14(3), 419–442.

  21. Durkheim, E. (1962). The Rules of Sociological Method. The Free Press.

  22. Edhie, I. S. (2021). Enhancing Digital Literacy to Strengthen National Cyber Resilience. Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA XXIII. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  23. Faridz, D. (2023). US Inking Cooperation Deals with Papua New Guinea. Voanews. Link

  24. Freeman, R.E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman.

  25. Galula. D. (1964). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. Praeger.

  26. Garlick, J. (2020). The Regional Impacts of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 49(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102620968848

  27. Global Strategic Trends. (2014). Global Strategic Trends - Out to 2045. United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defense.

  28. Guoxing, J. (2000). SLOC Security in the Asia Pacific. Center Occasional Paper Asia-Pacific Center For Security Studies. Link

  29. Hadi, R. P. (2016). The challenges to Indonesia's national security in addressing the transformations of separatism and cyber protests in Papua. Joint seminar on Public and international affairs UMM-Unair, Malaysia Utara University.

  30. Hadiprayitno, I. I. (2017). The Limit of Narratives: Ethnicity and Indigenous Rights in Papua, Indonesia, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 24(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02401004

  31. Harvey, D. (1990). Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 80(3), 418–434. Link

  32. Hamilton-Hart, N. & McRae, D. (2015). Indonesia: Balancing the United States and China, Aiming for Independence. University of Sydney. Link

  33. Hendrajit. (2017). Shifting International Geopolitical Center, Away from the Heart. Jurnal Kajian Lemhannas RI, 29, 31-41. Link

  34. Hermawan, T. (2021). Implementation of Cyber Intelligence Troops in Addressing Threats on Social Media to Ensure National Security. Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA XXIII. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  35. Hoffman, F. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.

  36. Ida, L. (2022). The West Papua Liberation Army (KKB) and Developmentism in Papua. Kompas.id. Link

  37. IEA. (Ret. 2023). Critical minerals: The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. Link

  38. IEA (2022), World Energy Outlook 2022. IEA Paris. Link

  39. Indonesia Defence. (2023). China claims that AUKUS triggers an arms race. Link

  40. Irfanuddin, M. A. & Sumertha KY, I. G. (2021). The strategy of preventing the internationalization of the Papua conflict through track one diplomacy in efforts to maintain national security stability. Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, 7(2), 255-282.

  41. James, B. (2018). Whose (Meta)modernism?: Metamodernism, Race, and the Politics of Failure. Journal of Modern Literature, 41(3), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.2979/jmodelite.41.3.05

  42. Janur, K. (2020). The Saga of World War II in Papua: Discovering the Skeletons of Japanese Soldiers. Liputan6. Link

  43. Kadagishvili, D. (2014). Metamodernism as we perceive it (quick review). European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 9(10). DOI: doi.org/10.19044/esj.2013.v9n10p%25p

  44. Kaldor, M. (1998). New and Old Wars. Polity Press, Cambridge.

  45. Kawer, S. M. (2012). War Remnants of World War II and Their Impact on the Cultural Heritage of the Wakde Island Community, Sarmi Regency. Papua TH, 4(1). Link

  46. Kearney. (2018). Mining takes on the sustainability challenge. Link

  47. Kiras, J. D. (2007). Irregular Warfare: Terrorism and Insurgency, in John Baylis et. al. (ed.), Strategy in the Contemporary World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 163-191.

  48. Kivimäki, T., & Thorning, R. (2002). Democratization and Regional Power Sharing in Papua/Irian Jaya: Increased Opportunities and Decreased Motivations for Violence. Asian Survey, 42(4), 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2002.42.4.651

  49. Kurnianto, T. A., Santoso, P., & Utama, A. P. (2022). Indonesia's Efforts to Prevent Conflict in Papua through a Humanistic Mediation Approach. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, 16(2), 149-156. Link

  50. Kumar, R. (2021). US-China Trade War: Impact on Sustainable Development in Developing Nations with particular reference to South Asia. 7th GoGreen Summit 2021.

  51. Laia, K. (2023). Year 2022: Violence and human rights violations increase in Papua. Link

  52. Latupeirissa, J. P. (2013). Optimizing the synergy in handling communal conflicts to create domestic security in order to maintain the unity of the Republic of Indonesia. Individual Scientific Paper of PPRA L. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  53. Laksmana, E. A. (2021). Indonesia Unprepared as Great Powers Clash in Indo-Pacific. Link

  54. Laksmana, E. A. (2019). Indonesia as "Global Maritime Fulcrum": A Post-Mortem Analysis.AMTI. Link

  55. Lee, E., and Vivarelli, M. (2006). Globalization, Employment and Income Distribution in Developing Countries. Palgrave, Macmillan and ILO, Basingstoke 2006.

  56. McGibbon, R. (2006). Pitfalls of Papua. Lowly Institute.

  57. McLuhan, Marshall, 1962. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

  58. Malik, A. (2019). Inclusive development involving all parties is a better solution for Papua. Link

  59. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. (2023). Vice President Emphasizes the Urgency of Interfaith Dialogue. Link

  60. Ministry of Education and Culture. (2015). Melanesian Diaspora in the Nusantara region. Ministry of Education and Culture

  61. Manukallo Danga, C. (2023). Developments in the Doctrine of System and National Security of Indonesia. JUSTISI, 9(2), 104–115.

  62. Manurung, H. (Ret.2023). Indonesia’s Geological Resources. Gadjah Mada University. Link

  63. Malik, M. (Ret. 2023). China in the Asia-Pacific in 2040: Alternative Futures. Link

  64. Mara, S. R. E., Sumantri, S. H., & Wahyudi, B. (2021). Strategic Dialogue on Papua in Preventing National Disintegration. Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, 7(1), 30-63.

  65. Maslow, A.H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. In Psychological Review, 50 (4), 430-437.

  66. McDevitt, J., Levin, J., & Bennett, S. 2002. Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology. Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp. 303–317.

  67. Mercy Corps. (2020). The facts: Indonesia earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Link

  68. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Indonesia Promotes Spirit to Recover Together in the 2022 G20 Presidency. Link

  69. Muhammad, M. (2023). AUKUS continues discussions on nuclear-powered submarines for Australia. Kompas. Link

  70. Mukhtadi, H. (2021). The government's strategy in addressing the Papua separatist movement and its implications for Indonesia's defense diplomacy. Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan, 7(2), 85-94.

  71. Nandy. (2023).  List of Papuan Tribes and Their Uniqueness in Maintaining Traditions. Gramedia. Link

  72. Nasution, M. A. R. & Wiranto, S. (2020). Propaganda issues of racism through social media to trigger social violence in Papua and West Papua in 2019. Jurnal Pertahanan, 6(2), 212-224.

  73. National Commission on Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). The Papua Issue Requires a Fair and Civilized Approach. Link

  74. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia. (2020). The implementation of national values derived from national alertness. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia

  75. National Deputy of the Indonesian National Resilience Institute (Lemhannas RI). (Ret. 2023). The importance of understanding the values of nationhood that originate from the four basic consensus of the nation. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  76. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia. (2021).Geopolitic V. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  77. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia. (2022). Field of Study: National Resilience. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  78. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia. (2022). Acting as the Keynote Speaker at the National Seminar of STIN, the Governor of Lemhannas RI discusses Strategic Surprises. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  79. National Unity and Politics. (2019). National Insight (4 Basic Consensus of Nationhood and Governance). Link

  80. Numberi, F. (2023). Indonesia and the uncertainty of international relations. Reporter.id Link

  81. Numberi, F. (2023). Crisis in Papua land. Reporter.id. Link

  82. Nov. (2008). The Assistance of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to the Indonesian National Police (Polri) is Legally Justified. Link

  83. Nye, J. S. (2002). Information Technology and Democratic Governance. Governance.com: Democracy in the Information Age. Ed. Kamarck, Elaine, and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Brookings Institution.

  84. Ocasio, W., Laamanen, T., & Vaara, E. (2018). Communication and attention dynamics: An attention‐based view of strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 39(1), 155-167.

  85. Pakpahan, B. (2017). Indonesia: Asia’s next geopolitical player?. Strategic Review. Link

  86. Palimbunga, Ika P. (2017) .Bentuk Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengembangan Pariwisata di Kampung Wisata Tablanusu Kabupaten Jayapura Provinsi Papua: Kajian Pariwisata Budaya. Melanesia, 1(2), 15-31, doi:10.30862/jm.v1i2.811.

  87. Pattinasarany, G. D. V., Haerudin, I., Irtanto, P. B., & Iswanto, L. (2021). Options for the Sustainability of Special Autonomy Funds 2022-2041: Towards a Prosperous and Independent Papua Land. Kolaborasi Masyarakat dan Pelayanan untuk Kesejahteraan (KOMPAK). Link

  88. Palik, J., Obermeier, A. M., & Rustad, S. A. (2022). Conflict Trends in Africa, 1989-2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/conflict-trends-africa-1989-2021

  89. Pratimun. (2016). A study on the authority of regional governments in the deployment of the national armed forces (TNI). Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College. Link

  90. Petersson, L. (2022). China’s Growing Influence in the South Pacific. Uttryck Magazine. Link

  91. Pope, W. (1975). Durkheim as a Functionalist. The Sociological Quarterly, 16(3), 361–379. Link

  92. Poussaint, A. F. (2015). Is extreme racism a mental illness?.MDedge Psychiatry. Link

  93. Poyer, L. (2022). War at the Margins: Indigenous Experiences in World War II. University of Hawai‘i Press. Link

  94. Pratiwi, F. I., Puspitasari, I., Hikmawati, I., & Bagus, H, (2021). Global Maritime Fulcrum: Indonesia’s Middle Power Strategy Between Belt And Road Initiatives (BRI) and Free-Open Indo Pacific (FOIP). Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 15(3), 30-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51870/CEJISS.A150302

  95. Putra, G. N. S., Legionosuko, T., & Madjid, A. (2019). Indonesian government's strategy towards member countries of the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) in dealing with the propaganda of the Free Papua Movement (OPM): A case study of the Republic of Vanuatu. Jurnal Peperangan Asimetris, 5(2), 31-44.

  96. Putra, M. I. D. (2023). Political Buzzer: How Politics, Disinformation, and Social Media Intertwine. Center for Digital Society: Gadjah Mada University. Link

  97. Rousseau, J. J. (2004). The social contract. Penguin Books.

  98. Rudiawan, B., Octavian, A., Sancoko, R.E., Nuriada, W., Suseto, B., Widodo, M.D., & Rejeki, E.S. (2021). Social Engineering in Building an Integrated Solution Center in Papua to Support the Integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences.

  99. Saxena, N. (2010). Changing Geopolitics Over Environmental Concerns. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 14(3), 30–47.Link

  100. Santayana, G. (1905). The life of reason: Introduction and reason in common sense. The MIT Press.

  101. Schulman, S. (2016). The $100bn gold mine and the West Papuans who say they are counting the cost. The Guardian. Link

  102. Secretariat General of the Judicial Commission. (2019). Strengthening the Rule of Law and Statehood in Indonesia. Secretariat General of the Judicial Commission Republic of Indonesia.

  103. Sokoy, F. (2022). Economic Development of Indigenous Papuans: A Critical Analysis To Build Independent And Dignified Traditional Villages.Journal of Social Science. Link

  104. Smith, R. R. (1996). United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific: The Approach to the Philippines. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Link

  105. Smith. C. (2022). Still at War: The United States in Iraq. Link

  106. Soesatyo, B. (2021). The Papua KKB and the Upholding of Just Human Rights. Link

  107. Sony. (2019). Indonesia is one of the biggest mining producers in the world. Gadjah Mada University News, Link

  108. Song, A.Y., & Fabinyi, M. (2022). China’s 21st century maritime silk road: Challenges and opportunities to coastal livelihoods in ASEAN countries. Marine Policy, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104923.

  109. Solomon Islands Government. (2020). Solomon Islands Foreign Minister, The Hon Jeremiah Manele, Calls for Unity of the Country in response to Malaita Provincial Premier’s Statement that challenges Solomon Islands “One China Policy”. Link

  110. Suhendrawan, D., Apriyanto, I. N. P., Prakoso, L. Y., Taufik, R. M., Ansori, Parwata, I. N., Suseto, B., Priyanto.. & Purwantoro, S. A. (2023). Arrangement of defense zones in the province of Papua to address potential threats in order to preserve the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 8(2), 3319-3333.

  111. Suropati, A. (2019). Solusi Komprehensif Menuju Papua Baru: Penyelesaian Konflik Papua Secara Damai, Adil dan Bermartabat. Jurnal Kajian Lemhannas RI, 37, 73-89.

  112. Swantara. (2022). National Resilience in the Geo V Era. Majalah Triwulan Lemhannas RI, 41(11), 6-14.

  113. Syofyan, W. (2017). Optimizing diplomacy in handling separatist actions in Papua to ensure security stability and preserve the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA XXI. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  114. Taufiq, M. (2013). Enhancing the prevention of radicalism for the stability of domestic security in the context of national resilience.  Individual Scientific Paper of PPRA L. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  115. The People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia. (Ret. 2023). A study on the management and accountability of the Papua Special Autonomy Fund. Link

  116. Tippe, S. (2013). Implementation of the State Defense Policy at the Border: A Case Study in Papua Province. Jurnal Sosioteknologi, 29(12), 416-440.

  117. Tonby, O., Woetzel, J., Choi, W., Seong, J., & Wang, P. (2019). Asia’s future is now. McKinsey. Link

  118. Transnational Institute. (2018). RCEP: A secret deal. Link

  119. UNCTAD. (2019). A new center of Gravity. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

  120. Vinci, A. (2009). Armed Groups and the Balance of Power.New York: Routledge.

  121. Wakefield, D., Talbert, B. A., & Pense, S. (2006). A Descriptive Study on the Preparation of Student Teachers to Work with a Diverse Population. Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.2/jquery.min.js

  122. Wardhana, R. S. (2021). South China Sea Conflict and Security Cooperation in ASEAN Waters. Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies, 3(1), 23-33

  123. Wardhani, B. (2009). Papua on the Net: The Struggle for Papua's Separation Through the Virtual World. Paper Draft, Airlangga University.

  124. Waterpauw, P. (2013). Revitalization of Pancasila Values for State Administrators to Accelerate Development in the Papua Region in the Context of the Integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Individual Scientific Paper of PPSA XIX. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  125. Wayar, A. & Blades, J. (2022). Indonesia’s New Plans for Papua Can’t Hide Its Decades of Failures. Link

  126. We Need to Talk about the West Papua Team. (2021). We Need to Talk about West Papua. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Link

  127. Wirutomo, P. (2012). Social System of Indonesia. UI Press.

  128. Widjajanto, A. (2022). "Geo V" in the academic speech on the 57th anniversary of Lemhannas RI. National Resilience Institute of Indonesia.

  129. Yaung, M. M. A., Yani, Y. M., Dermawan, W. (2020). Chinese involvement in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands' foreign policy concerning the Papua issue. Sociae Polites : Majalah Ilmiah Sosial Politik,21(1), 96-111.

bottom of page