Journal of Social and Political
Sciences
ISSN 2615-3718 (Online)
ISSN 2621-5675 (Print)
Published: 01 March 2023
Nigeria’s Compliance with the Yaoundé Code of Conduct in the Cases of Piracy and Armed Piracy of the Nigerian State in the Gulf of Guinea in 2016-2021
Jessika Ami Arifin, Mansur Juned
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Indonesia
Download Full-Text Pdf
10.31014/aior.1991.06.01.398
Pages: 110-120
Keywords: Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria, Piracy, Yaounde Code of Conduct
Abstract
Through adherence to the Yaoundé Code of Conduct and its execution in eradicating piracy and armed piracy instances that happened in the Gulf of Guinea from 2016 to 2021, this study evaluates Nigeria's history, progress, and response to piracy. The goal of this study is to examine Nigeria's compliance with the Yaoundé Code of Conduct as shown in its papers and historical development in accordance with the documentation from the literature review. The data was processed using qualitative approaches, namely research on descriptive research, which focuses on employing analysis to provide an overview or description of a scenario. The information received is analyzed utilizing non-reactive research methods after being gleaned from pertinent literature investigations. This approach will process information from reliable sources, including primary and secondary data, which will then be examined in accordance with predetermined theories and concepts to provide a response to the problem formulation. According to the study's findings, from 2016 to 2021, Nigeria adhered to the Yaounde Code of Conduct in situations of piracy and armed piracy. Nigeria is actively creating and putting into effect a national maritime security strategy to safeguard its marine affairs from all kinds of illegal activity. In compliance with the Yaounde Code of Conduct, Nigeria enacted the POMO ACT which made Nigeria the first country with an anti-piracy law and cooperated in the protection of vessels in accordance with the articles contained in the Yaounde Code of Conduct. However, Nigeria's strict emphasis on adhering to the Yaounde Code of Conduct hasn't worked to stop piracy because it doesn't deal with the underlying issues.
References
(Abuja), C. O. (Warri) and K. T. (2017). Navy launches Operation Tsare Teku to end piracy in Niger Delta. The Guardian. https://guardian.ng/news/navy-launches-operation-tsare-teku-to-end-piracy-in-niger-delta/
Agim, J. (2018). Operation Delta Safe and Civil-military Obligations. PRNigeria. https://prnigeria.com/2018/05/03/operation-delta-safe-civil-military-obligations/
Anabia-Tiah, R. K. (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of maritime centres in the context of the implementation of the Code of Conduct Concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and Central Africa (Yaounde Code Of Conduct) . In World Maritime University Dissertations. World Maritime University Diserations.
Ayoyo, D. D., & Oriola, T. B. (2018). A critique of Joint-Military Task Force (JTF) deployment in the Niger Delta. In The Unfinished Revolution in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351056021-4
Barrios, C. (2013). Fighting piracy in the Gulf of Guinea.
Begum, P., Ikhtiari, R., & Fugetsu, B. (2011). Graphene phytotoxicity in the seedling stage of cabbage, tomato, red spinach, and lettuce. Carbon, 49(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.05.029
Broohm, D. A., Wang, G., & Gao, J. (2020). Maritime Security: A New Strategy for Merchant Shipping to Avoid Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(05), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.85027
Bueger, C. (2013). The global fight against piracy. Global Policy, 4(1), 63–64.
EEAS. (2021a). EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en
EEAS. (2021b). EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en
Hasan, S. M., & Hassan, D. (2016). Current arrangements to combat piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Region: an evaluation. J. Mar. L. & Com., 47, 171.
Hodgkinson, S. L. (2013). Current Trends in Global Piracy: Can Somalia’s Successes Help Combat Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and Elsewhere. Case W. Res. J. Int’l L., 46, 145.
ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2020). IMB Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Report-First Quarter 2022. April, 1–28.
International, I. C. C., & Bureau, M. (2021). Icc International Maritime Bureau Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. April, 1–28.
International Manie Bureau. (2019). Piracy and Armed Rbbery against Ships: Report of the Perioid of 1 Jnauary -30 June 2019.
International Maritime Bureau. (2019). PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1 January – 31 December 2018. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2018_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf
International Maritime Bureau. (2021). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships - Report for the Period 1 January - 31 December 2020. https://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php/piracy-reporting-centre/piracy-report
International Maritime Bureau. (2022). PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1 January – 31 December 2021. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2021_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf
Iskandar. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (1st ed.). GP Press.
Jimoh, A. (2015). Maritime piracy and lethal violence offshore in Nigeria. IFRA-Nigeria Working Papers Series, 51.
Juned, M., Darmawan, M. R. A., & Hikmawan, R. (2022). Countering Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Through the Capacity Building Program in Indonesia-Australia Fisheries Surveillance Forum 2017-2019. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(10), 50–57.
Juned, M., Samhudi, G. R., & Lasim, R. A. (2019). The Impact Indonesia’s Sinking of Illegal Fishing Ships on Major Southeast Asia Countries. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.673
Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Environmental Impacts of Oil Exploration and Exploitation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Environment & Earth Sciences, 12(3).
L, A. (2021). Yaoundé Code of Conduct, the backbone for maritime surity.
McNicholas, M. (2016). Maritime security: an introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Mitchell, V. (2020). Maritime boundaries and maritime security. In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34630-0_7
Morcos, P. (2021, February 1). A Transatlantic Approach to Address Growing Maritime Insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea. CSIS : Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/transatlantic-approach-address-growing-maritime-insecurity-gulf-guinea
Morris, L., & Persi Paoli, G. (2018). A Preliminary Assessment of Indonesia’s Maritime Security Threats and Capabilities. In A Preliminary Assessment of Indonesia’s Maritime Security Threats and Capabilities. https://doi.org/10.7249/rr2469
Nelson, E. S. (2012). Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: Existing and Potential Threats. Global Security Studies, 3(1).
Nwangwu, C., Ken, I., & Chikodiri, N. (2015). Implementation of the Yaounde Code of Conduct and Maritime Insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea. Online), 5(21).
Nwatu, P. C. (2022). Maritime Domain Management and National Security. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations: Trends and Perspectives, 233.
Obi, C., & Oriola, T. B. (2018). The unfinished revolution in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Prospects for environmental justice and peace. Routledge.
Ogbonnaya, M. (2020a). From nationalist movements to organised crime groups: the trajectory of the Niger Delta struggles. ENACT Africa. https://enactafrica.org/research/research-papers/from-nationalist-movements-to-organised-crime-groups-the-trajectory-of-the-niger-delta-struggles
Ogbonnaya, M. (2020b). Nigeria’s anti-piracy law misses the mark. ISS Africa. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/nigerias-anti-piracy-law-misses-the-mark
Okoronkwo, U. L., Okpara, E. N., & Onyinyechi, C. E. (2014). National security and maritime piracy in Nigeria: a sociological discourse. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2(1), 60–71.
Onuoha, F. C. (2012). Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Microcosm.
ONUOHA, F. C. (2013). Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Trends, Concerns, and Propositions. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 4(3), 267–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.862767
Onyeji, E. (2017). Nigerian army to launch operation “Crocodile smile ii” in south-south, south-west. Premium Times Nigeria. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/243493-nigerian-army-launch-operation-crocodile-smile-ii-south-south-south-west.html
Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A. (2012). Maritime piracy in Nigeria: Old wine in new bottles? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(7–8), 531–541.
Petr, T. (1986). The Volta River system (pp. 163–199). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3290-1_5
Punchng. (2020). Can SUPMO act tame piracy on Nigerian Waters? Punch Newspapers. https://punchng.com/can-supmo-act-tame-piracy-on-nigerian-waters/
Sahara Reporters. (2016). Operation Delta Safe Repels Attack In Cross Rivers State. https://saharareporters.com/2016/09/30/operation-delta-safe-repels-attack-cross-rivers-state
Salau, S. (2018). Government to acquire intervention vessels for maritime crime battle.
Sartre, P. (2014a). Responding to Insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea. International Peace Institute.
Sartre, P. (2014b). Responding to Insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea. International Peace Institute.
Treatment, R., & Suspect, P. (2011). Counter-Piracy Programme.
Vanguar. (2021). Nigeria, 5 others adopt Yaoundé agreement on conduct to tackle maritime security. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/nigeria-5-others-adopt-yaounde-agreement-on-conduct-to-tackle-maritime-security/
Vanguard. (2017). N-Deltans Desert Homes over Navy’s Operation Octopus Grip ’IYC president. Latest Nigerian News. https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/5115920/ndeltans-desert-homes-over-navys-operation-octopus-grip-iyc-president.html
Vanguard. (2019). Navy destroys N3bn illegal refineries in special operation. Vanguard. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/navy-destroys-n3bn-illegal-refineries-special-operation/
Vanguard. (2021). Nigeria, 5 others adopt Yaoundé agreement on conduct to tackle maritime security. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/nigeria-5-others-adopt-yaounde-agreement-on-conduct-to-tackle-maritime-security/
Väyrynen, R. (2022). Norms, Compliance and Enforcement of Global Governance. In Raimo Väyrynen: A Pioneer in International Relations, Scholarship and Policy-Making (pp. 433–454). Springer.
Williams, P. D., & Elman, C. (2020). SECURITY STUDIES: AN INTRODUCTION. In Security Studies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203122570-9