Journal of Social and Political
Sciences
ISSN 2615-3718 (Online)
ISSN 2621-5675 (Print)
Published: 15 July 2019
The Role of Political Islam in Egyptian Democratic Experience
Khan Sarifuzzaman
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Download Full-Text Pdf
10.31014/aior.1991.02.03.92
Pages: 508-521
Keywords: Political Islam, Islamists, Political Transition, Democratic Transition, Egyptian politics
Abstract
The aim of the study was to understand the role of political Islamists in Egyptian democratic experience by the two research questions. Islamists' Ideological self-contradiction and conflicting ideals with democracy turned the democratic transition into failure in Egypt. They have accepted election to attain the power but not the democratic values and culture as a whole. Military, the most significant internal actor, with their authoritarian state apparatus, also played an imperative role to make the political transition unsuccessful. In this qualitative study, documents are analyzed in the case of Egyptian political change.
References
-
Ahram Online (2011). ‘Egypt referendum results: 77,2 per cent say ‘yes’ to the amendments’, Ahram Online, 20 March 2011, retrieved from: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/8125/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt- referendum-results--per-cent-say-Yes-to-the-.aspx (May 2014).
-
Ahram Online (2012). English text of SCAF amended Egypt Constitutional Declaration, 18 June 2012, retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/45350/Egypt/Politics-/English-text-of- SCAF-amended-Egypt-Constitutional-.aspx (July 2014).
-
Albrecht, H. & Bishara, (2011). Back on Horseback: The Military and Political Transformation in Egypt, Middle East Law and Governance, 3, pp. 13-23.
-
Azzam, M., (2012). Egypt's Military Council and the Transition to Democracy, the Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House briefing paper, May 2012.
-
Bellin, E., (2004). The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics, 36(2), pp. 139-157.
-
Bellin, E., (2012). Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring. Comparative Politics, 44(2), pp. 127-149
-
Brown, L. C., (2000) Religion and State: the Muslim approach to politics, New York: ColumbiaUniversityPress.
-
Brown, N. J., (2013). Egypt’s Failed Transition, Journal of Democracy, 24 (4), pp 45-58
-
Browne-Michael, Mikellon S., (2017). Political Islam and Democracy, Honors in the Major Thesis.238, http:stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/238
-
Brownlee, J., Tarke, M. & Reynolds, A., (2013). Why the Modest Harvest? Journal of Democracy, 24 (4), pp 29-44
-
Cook, M., (2000). The Koran: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, (2000)
-
Cook, S. A., (2007). Ruling but not Governing: the Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria and Turkey, Baltimore: the John Hopkins University Press, pp 2-7, 80-91
-
Dale C.E., (2007) Qutubism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism, Parameters, Spring 2007, pp 85-98
-
Diamond, L., (1999). Development Democracy toward Consiration, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
-
Droz-Vincent, P., (2011). Authoritarianism, Revolutions, Armies and Arab Regime Transitions, The International Spectator, 46(2), pp 5-21
-
Droz-Vincent, P., (2013). Democratic Control of Armed Forces? Comparative Insights and Lessons for the Arab World in Transition, Armed Forces & Society, March 28, 2013, pp 1-28
-
Egypt Independent (2011). SCAF Expands its Power with Constitutional Amendments, 17
-
Egypt Independent (2012). Egypt’s Draft Constitution Translated, 2 December 2012, retrieved from: http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-s- draft-constitution- translated (July 2014)
-
Elshami, N., (2011). SCAF: Above the Constitution, Below the Revolution, Muftah, 26 November 2011, retrieved from: http://muftah.org/scaf-above-the-constitution-below- the-revolution/#.U9DErYCSyDM (July 2014)
-
Finer, S. E., (1962). The man on Horseback: the role of the Military in Politics, London: Pall Mall Press
-
Finer, S. E., (1974) The Man on Horseback, Armed Forces & Society, 1(5), pp 5-27
-
Freedom House (2006) Freedom in the World 2006: Egypt, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2006/egypt#.U89WJI2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2011) Freedom in the World 2011: Egypt, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/egypt#.U89eXI2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2012) Freedom in the World 2012: Egypt, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/egypt-0#.U89W0Y2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2013) Freedom in the World 2013: Egypt, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/egypt#.U89XAY2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2014a) Freedom in the World 2014 Methodology, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2014/methodology#.U8pahY2SyDN (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2014b) Freedom in the World 2014: Egypt, retrieved from:http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/egypt-0#.U89XLo2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Freedom House (2014c) Egypt Democracy Compass, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/egypt-democracy- compass#.U9FFDYCSyDM (July 2014)
-
Frisch, H., (2013). The Egyptian Army and Egypt’s ‘Spring’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 36 (2), pp. 180-204
-
Fukuyama, Francis (2014) Reconsidering the Transition Paradigm, in Diamond, Larry, Francis Fukuyama, Donald L. Horowitz and Marc F. Plattner, Reconsidering the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, 25(1), pp. 86-100
-
Fuller, G. E., The Future of Political Islam, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 15 and p. 21
-
Gazala, I., (2012). Timeline: Egypt’s Political Transition, the Cairo Review of GlobalAffairs, retrieved from: http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=225
-
Halliday, F., (2006). "The Left and the Jihad", Open Democracy 7 September 2006". Opendemocracy.net. 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-21 Internet- https://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/left_jihad_3886.jsp
-
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) (2011). ‘Elections in Egypt: Lessons from the 2011 Constitutional Referendum and the Constitutional Declaration’ 26 April 2011, retrieved from: http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/White-Papers/2011/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2011/2011_egypt_briefing_paper_II.pdf (May 2014) http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=208#.U8vokSg Qqgx (July 2014)
-
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) (2013). ‘Elections in Egypt: the Electoral Framework in Egypt’s Continuing Transition: February 2011 – September 2013’, IFES Briefing Paper, pp 1-39
-
Khan, A. M., (2003). "The Priority of Politics," Boston Review: A Political and Literary Forum (April 2003), http://new.bostonreview.net/BR28.2/khan.html. [He discussed several of these issues years long before the Arab Spring in a special forum on Islam and Democracy.]
-
Lang, A.F. J., (2013). From Revolutions to Constitutions: The Case of Egypt, InternationalAffairs, 89(2), pp 345-363
-
Linz, J.J. & Stepan, A., (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post Communist Europe. Baltomore: Johns Hopkins UP.
-
Martini, J., & Taylor, J. E., (2011). Commanding Democracy in Egypt: The Military's Attempt to Manage the Future, Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 2011, retrieved from: http://www.rand.org/blog/2011/08/commanding-democracy-in-egypt-the-militarys- attempt.html (July 2014)
-
McConnel, P. J. & Becker, L. B., (2002). The Role of the Media in Democratization. Paper was presented Political Communication Section of IAMCR at the Barcellona Conference, July 2002.
-
Mccrumen, S. (2012). Egypt’s Morsi rescinds decree, the Independent, 9 December 2012, retrieved from:http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypts- Morsi-rescinds-decree-8397217.html (July 2014)
-
Miller, L.E., Martini, J., Larrabee, F.S., Rabasa, A., Pezard, S., Taylor, J.E., Mengistu, T. (2012) Democratization in the Arab World. Prospects and Lessons from Around the Globe. RANDCorporation; National Defense Research Institute
-
Mustafa M. & Yousef T. A., (2013) The Interaction of Political Islam with Democracy: The Political Platform of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt as a Case Study, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol.3 No.11: June 2013
-
Nabahni, T., (2002) System of Islam, Al-Khilafah Publication, London.
-
New York Times, the (2011) ‘Egypt’s Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: Statements and Key Leaders’, The New York Times, 14 February 2011, retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/20110210-egypt- supreme-council.html (May 2014)
-
New York Times, the (2011) ‘Oct 6 1981: Egypt president Anwar Sadat is Killed’, (6 October 2011, retrieved from: http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/oct-6-1981-egypt- president anwar-sadat-is-killed/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 (June 2014)
-
O’Donnell, G., & Schmitter, P. C. & Whitehead, L., eds. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 4 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Online, 30 March 2011, retrieved from: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/8960/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt's- constitution-A-controversial-declaration.aspx (July 2014)
-
O’Donnell, G., & Schmitter, P. C., (1986). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
-
Reuters (2011) ‘Egypt Army: will not use violence against citizens’, published 31 January 2011, retrieved from: http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLDE70U2JC20110131 (May, 2014)
-
Roy, O., (1994) Failure of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 1994: p.24 and p.33
-
Roy, O., (2012). Democracy and Political Islam after the Arab Revolution
-
Sayigh, Y., (2011). The Specter of “Protected Democracy” in Egypt, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 11 December 2011, retrieved from: http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/15/specter-of-protected-democracy-in-egypt/8rvr?reloadFlag=1 (July 2014)
-
Sayigh, Y., (2013). Morsi and Egypt’s Military, Carnegie Endowment for International
-
Soage, A. B., (2009). "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass, pp. 887-896
-
Springborg, R., (1987). The President and the Field Marshal. Civil-Military Relations in Egypt Today, Middle East Report, July-Aug 1987, pp 5-16
-
Stacher, J. (2012). Countries at the Crossroads: Egypt, Freedom House, retrieved from: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries- crossroads/2012/egypt#.U89XlI2SyDM (July 2014)
-
Stepan, A., & Linz, J. J., (2013). Democratization Theory and the “Arab Spring”.Journal of Democracy, 24(2) April 2013, pp. 15-30
-
Stepan, A., (1986). Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical Comparative Considerations, in O’Donnell,
-
Stepan, A., (1988). Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press
-
Yin, R.K., (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4th Ed.) Thousan Oaks, CA: Sage