A Human Rights-Based Critical Discourse on the Abolition of Child Sexual Abuse
top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Law and Humanities
Quarterly Reviews

ISSN 2827-9735

Judge Gavel
 Scales of Justice
City Crowds
People in Library
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 25 December 2023

A Human Rights-Based Critical Discourse on the Abolition of Child Sexual Abuse

Nelson Simanjuntak, Manotar Tampubolon

Institute Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri (Indonesia), Universitas Kristen Indonesia (Indonesia)

asia institute of research, journal of education, education journal, education quarterly reviews, education publication, education call for papers
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1996.02.04.97

Pages: 194-207

Keywords: Children Rights, Sex Exploitation, Prostitution

Abstract

Sexual exploitation of children is still rife in Indonesia and the perpetrators are difficult to be legally processed due to gaps in the legal framework and lack of understanding of children's rights by parents. However, legal harmonization has not emerged, and children are still neglected by their parents to earn a decent living through prostitution. To harmonize laws that seem to be useful for law enforcement on perpetrators of child prostitution and to provide an understanding of children's rights. The author employs a qualitative research approach to law and human rights by incorporating laws and documents pertaining to child sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation of children takes place in Indonesia due to a lack of understanding by many parents about protection of children's rights, including a gap in law enforcement against perpetrators of child sex exploitation, allowing child prostitution to continue. Good Faith in Legislative is deemed necessary to harmonize the law so there is no gap in law enforcement. Instead, perpetrators of child sex prostitution can be brought to justice, and parental education on the importance of children's rights is deemed necessary so that the children do not become victims of sexual exploitation in the future.

References

Bah, Y.M. (2020). Causes of Child Sex Tourism Systematic Literature Review, EC Clinical and Experimental Anatomy 3(2): 1-7. https://www.ecronicon.com/eccea/pdf/causes-of-child-sex-tourism-systematic-literature-review.pdf
Baird, K., & Connolly, J. (2023). Recruitment and Entrapment Pathways of Minors into Sex Trafficking in Canada and the United States: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211025241
Bang B., Baker P.L., Carpinteri A., & Van Hasselt V.B. (2014) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. In: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. SpringerBriefs in Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01878-2_2
Barrios, Y. V., Gelaye, B., Zhong, Q., Nicolaidis, C., Rondon, M. B., Garcia, P. J., Sanchez, P. A., Sanchez, S. E., & Williams, M. A. (2015). Association of childhood physical and sexual abuse with intimate partner violence, poor general health and depressive symptoms among pregnant women. PloS one, 10(1), e0116609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116609
Benavente, B., Díaz-Faes, D. A., Ballester, L., & Pereda, N. (2022). Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in Europe: A Systematic Review. Trauma, violence & abuse, 23(5), 1529–1548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021999378
Bowers, J.W., (2002). Incomplete Law, Louisiana Law Review, 62(4), 1-51. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol62/iss4/12
Brown, K. (2019). Vulnerability and child sexual exploitation: Towards an approach grounded life experiences. Critical Social Policy, 39(4), 622–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018318824480
Busuttil, S. (2011). Sexual abuses and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography-Children rights in the European Union (debate). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-7-2011-10-26-INT-3-324-000_DE.html?redirect, accessed 6 June 2021.
Camden Safeguarding Children Partnership. (2021). Child Sexual Abuse Strategy “Think theUnthinkable”. https://cscp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/CSCP-Think-the-Unthinkable-Child-sexual-abuse-strategy-2021.pdf
CEPAT (2020). CEPAT Indonesia Annual Report 2020. <https://www.slideshare.net/ecpatindonesia/annual-report-2020-247188268>, accessed 3 June 2021.
CEPAT International. (2011). Global Monitoring Status of Actions Against Commercial Sex Exploitation of Children: Indonesia. Bangkok: CEPAT International, 2nd edition.
Cindy, P. (2021). Online Sexual Exploitation of Children: Have Our Law Worked Well? Rumah Faye. https://rumahfaye.or.id/en/2021/08/16/online-sexual-exploitation/
Coy, M. (2016). Joining the dots on sexual exploitation of children and women: A way forwardfor UK policy responses. Critical Social Policy, 36(4), 572–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018316638460
DQ Institute (2020). The most unsafe countries for children in the world 2020. < https://www.dqinstitute.org/child-online-safety-index/?, accessed 5 June 2021.
DQ Institute. (2020). 2020 Child Online Safety Index. < https://www.dqinstitute.org/child-online-safety-index/>, accessed 4 June 2021.
DQ Institute. (2021). Real-Time Measure for Country’s Child Online Safety. https://live.dqinstitute.org/impact-measure/
Duger. A. (2015). Focusing on Prevention: The Social and Economic Rights of Children Vulnerable to Sex Trafficking, Health & Human Rights Journal 17(1): 114-123. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2469/2015/06/Duger.pdf, accessed, 4 June 2021.
ECPAT. (2021). World Tourism Day – Talkshow: Menata Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Ramah Anak dalam Agenda Pemulihan Sektor Travel & Tourism Pasca Pandemi Covid-19 [Arranging Child-Friendly Sustainable Tourism in the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Travel & Tourism Sector Recovery Agenda]. https://ecpatindonesia.org/siaran-pers/world-tourism-day-ecpat-talkshow/
ECPAT. (2019). Summary Paper on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Prostitution. https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ECPAT-Summary-paper-on-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Prostitution-2020.pdf
ECPAT. (2020). Summary Paper on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. https://ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ECPAT-Summary-paper-on-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Travel-and-Tourism-2020.pdf
Eddyono, S.W., Hendra, R., & Budiman, A.A. (2017). Melawan Praktek Prostitusi Anak di Indonesia & Tantangannya [Fighting the Practice of Child Prostitution in Indonesia & Its Challenges]. Paper Brief. Jakarta: Institute for Criminal Justice Reform.
Fam, D., Neuhauser, L., & Gibbs, P., (eds). (2018). Transdisciplinary Theory, Practice and Education: The Art of Collaborative Research and Collective Learning. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-93743-4
Ferrao, R. (2020). Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Context of Travel and Tourism in Goa. Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice. 3(1):7-23. doi:10.1177/2516606920921152
Finkelhor, D. (1994), The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(5): 409-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90026-4
Franchino-Olsen, H., Chesworth, B. R., Boyle, C., Rizo, C. F., Martin, S. L., Jordan, B., Macy, R. J., & Stevens, L. (2022). The Prevalence of Sex Trafficking of Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Scoping Review. Trauma, violence & abuse, 23(1), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933873
Gould, J.B. & Scott, B. (2012). Mind the Gap: The Place of Gap Studies in Sociolegal Scholarship, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(1), 323-335. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173833
Grant, H. (2015). The “Social” of Crime Prevention: Meaning and Implications of Social Crime Prevention for Police in the Developing World in The Evolution of Social Crime Prevention Strategies, Social Crime Prevention in the Developing World. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316805670_Social_Crime_Prevention_in_the_Dev eloping_World [accessed Jun 08 2021].
GRIJNS, M., & HORII, H. (2018). Child Marriage in a Village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between Legal Obligations and Religious Concerns. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 453-466. doi:10.1017/als.2018.9
Grouchy, J. (2015). The Global Impact of the Sex Tourism Industry: Issues of Legalization, Memorial University of Newfoundland. https://research.library.mun.ca/11816/1/Jillian_Grouchy.pdf
Hampton, M. D., & Lieggi, M. (2020). Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Youth in the United States: A, Qualitative Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(1), 5770. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742168
Hamzah, H., Narang, A.M., & Anggi Yusari, A. (2021). Legal systems in Indonesia: overview. Thomson Reuters Practical Law. https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-010-7310?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
Hurst T. E. (2021). Prevention of Child Sexual Exploitation: Insights From Adult Survivors. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(13-14), NP7350–NP7372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519825881
Ilyasa, R. M. A. (2021). Legal and Victimological Perspective on Sexual Violence against Children Cases in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 3(3), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i3.48269
Irianto, S. (2021) Legal Education for The Future of Indonesia: a Critical Assessment, The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 1(1), 1-37. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/ijsls/vol1/iss1/1
Janez, M., & Katarina, M.(2015). Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Tourism –the Dark Side of Tourism, Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences 8(2):64-85. DOI: 10.12959/issn.1855-0541.IIASS-2015-no2-art04
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. (2016). Puluhan Anak Jadi Korban Eksploitasi Seksual, Kementerian PPPA Ingatkan Untuk Tidak Mudah Terjebak Bujuk Rayu [Dozens of Children Become Victims of Sexual Exploitation, Ministry of PPPA Reminds Not to Easily Get Trapped in Persuasion]. https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3102/puluhan-anak-jadi-korban-eksploitasi-seksual-kemen-pppa-ingatkan-untuk-tidak-mudah-terjebak-bujuk-rayu
Mitchell, J, M., Becker-Blease, K, A., & Soicher, R, N., (2021) Child Sexual Abuse, Academic Functioning and Educational Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 30:3, 278-297, DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2020.1847228
Jones, A. J. M, & Loggie, J. (2020). Child sexual exploitation. An analysis of serious case reviews in England: poor communication, incorrect assumptions and adolescent neglect, Journal of Public Health, 42(1): 62–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy227
Katz, L. (2010). A Theory of Loopholes, The Journal of Legal Studies, 39(1): 1-31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/649046
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia. (2016). Isu Utama: Anak, Kemiskinan, dan Prostitusi [Main Issues: Children, Poverty, and Prostitution]. https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/31/601/isu-utama-anak-kemiskinan-dan-prostitusi
Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia :KPAI”. (2021). Hasil Pengawasan KPAI tentang Perlindungan Anak Korban Eksploitasi Seksual dan Pekerja anak bulan Januari-April: dari 35 kasus yang dimonitor KPAI, 83% kasus prostitusi, jumlah korban mencapai 234 anak [Results of KPAI Monitoring regarding the Protection of Child Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Child Labor in January-April: of the 35 cases monitored by KPAI, 83% were prostitution cases, the number of victims reached 234 children]. https://www.kpai.go.id/publikasi/hasil-pengawasan-kpai-tentang-perlindungan-anak-korban-eksploitasi-seksual-dan-pekerja-anak-bulan-januari-s-d-april-dari-35-kasus-yang-dimonitor-kpai-83-kasus-prostitusi-jumlah-korban-mencapai-234
Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia “KPAI” (2020). Temuan KPAI Tentang Perlindungan Anak Korban Eksploitasi dan Pekerja Anak Januari-April 2021 [KPAI Findings Regarding the Protection of Child Victims of Exploitation and Child Labor January-April 2021]. < https://www.kpai.go.id/publikasi/hasil-pengawasan-kpai-tentang-perlindungan-anak-korban-eksploitasi-seksual-dan-pekerja-anak-bulan-januari-s-d-april-dari-35-kasus-yang-dimonitor-kpai-83-kasus-prostitusi-jumlah-korban-mencapai-234>, accessed 5 June 2021.
Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. (2021). KPAI Soroti Platform Digital & Peran Hotel Pada Prostitusi Melibatkan Anak [KPAI Highlights Digital Platforms & Role of Hotels in Prostitution Involving Children]. https://www.kpai.go.id/publikasi/kpai-soroti-platform-digital-peran-hotel-pada-prostitusi-melibatkan-anak
Kurniati, P. (2021). Anak-anak di Bawah Umur Terlibat Praktik Prostitusi Online di Solo, Ada yang 'Dijual' 7 Kali, Pelaku Ditangkap [Underage Children Involved in Online Prostitution Practices in Solo, Some Were 'Sold' 7 Times, Perpetrator Arrested]. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/03/10/152358278/anak-anak-di-bawah-umur-terlibat-praktik-prostitusi-online-di-solo-ada-yang?page=all.
Kvalnes Ø. (2019) Loophole Ethics. In: Moral Reasoning at Work. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15191-1_10
Lalor, K., & McElvaney, R. (2010). Child Sexual Abuse, Links to Later Sexual Exploitation/High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Prevention/Treatment Programs. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 11(4), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010378299
Larcomes Legal Limited. (2018). What is a legal loophole? https://www.larcomes.co.uk/what-is-a-legal-loophole/
Leclerc, B., Chiu, Y.-N., & Cale, J. (2016). Sexual Violence and Abuse Against Children: A First Review Through the Lens of Environmental Criminology. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(7), 743–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14564319
Letourneau, E. J., Brown, D. S., Fang, X., Hassan, A., & Mercy, J. A. (2018). The economic burden of child sexual abuse in the United States. Child abuse & neglect, 79, 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.020
Levin, S. (2019). The moral duty to reduce the risk of child sexual abuse. Human Affairs, 29(2), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0015
Lev-Wiesel, R., Bechor Y., Daphna, T, S., Hadanny A & Efrati, S. (2018). Brain and Mind Integration: Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors Experiencing Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment and Psychotherapy Concurrently. Front. Psychol. 9:25-35. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02535
MacIntosh, H.B, & Ménard, A.D. (2021) Where are We Now? A Consolidation of the Research on Long-term Impact of Child Sexual Abuse, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(3):253-257, DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1914261
Mathews, B., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2019). Child Sexual Abuse: Toward a Conceptual Model and Definition. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017738726
Meadow, C.M. (2019). Uses and abuses of socio-legal studies, Routledge Handbook of Socio- Legal Theory and Methods, https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780429952814-3
Meggit, J. (n.d). Seven Legal Loopholes that actually exist. Legal Resources. https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/7-legal-loopholes-that-actually-exist-45712
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Loophole. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved December 19, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/loophole
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Pelindungan Anak. (2016).
Mitchell, J.M., Blease, K. A.B., & Soicher, R.N. (2021). Child Sexual Abuse, Academic Functioning and Educational Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood, Journal of Sexual Abuse, 30(3): 278-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1847228
Montgomery, H. (2011). Defining Child Trafficking & Child Prostitution: The Case of Thailand," Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 9(2): 775-811 https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol9/iss2/6
Moore, L. (2021). Indonesia’s child prostitution problem. The ASEAN Post, 9 June. Available at https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesias-child-prostitution-problem, accessed 2 June 2021.
Murdianto. (2019). Dampak penutupan Lokalisasi Terhadap Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) dan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Sekitar [Impact of Localization Closure on Commercial Sex Workers (PSK) and the Social Economy of the Surrounding Community]. Media Informasi Penelitian Kesejahteraan Sosial, 43(3):195-210.
Murphy, C. (2018). What does it mean to have a loophole in the system? What is a loophole? MyEnglish Teacher Blog, https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/what-does-is-mean-to-have-a-loophole-in-the-system-what-is-a-loophole/
Naibaho, N. (2011). Human Trafficking in Indonesia: Law Enforcement Problems. Indonesia Law Review, 1(1): 83-99. http://journal.ui.ac.id/index.php/ilrev/article/view/1910, accessed 7 June 2021.
Nalle, V. I. W. (2015). The relevance of socio-legal studies in legal science, Mimbar Hukum, 27(1), 179-191. DOI:10.22146/jmh.15905
Noerdin, E,m Agustini, E., Pakasi, D.T., Aripurnami, S. & Hodijah, S., N. (2006). Potret Kemiskinan Perempuan [Portrait of Women's Poverty]. Women Research Institute. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/45071-ID-potret-kemiskinan-perempuan.pdf, accessed 7 June 2021.
Octaviana, S.N (2019). ‘Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: History and Challenge in Legal Perspective’, Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 4(1): 81-90. DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.19613
Olofinbiyi, S. A., & Singh, S. B. (2020). Migration, Urbanization, and Adolescent Prostitution in Nigeria. The Oriental Anthropologist, 20(2), 246–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972558X20952283
Pellai, A., & Myriam, C. M. (2015). Primary prevention of child sexual abuse: Child focused interventions, Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies 15(2), Article 4. doi:10.21427/D7N427 Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijass/vol15/iss2/4
Pistor, K., & Xu, C. (2003). Incomplete Law, New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 35 (931). https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1077
Putra, I.P.D.A.S & Suardana. I. W. (2019). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Prostitusi secara online dan melalui Sosial Media Line dan Whatsapp [Criminal Responsibility for Prostitution Perpetrators online and via Social Media Line and Whatsapp]. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kerthawicara/article/view/57032/33441
Raxter, L. (2021). A Dangerous Loophole: The Biological Weapons Convention's New Interpretation that Better Addresses Potentially Deadly Biological Research. International Journal of Legal Information, 49(2), 102–129. http://doi.org/10.1017/jli.2021.13
Reid, J. A. (2011). An Exploratory Model of Girl’s Vulnerability to Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Prostitution. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511404700
Rudolph, J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Shanley, D. C., & Hawkins, R. (2018). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk. Child Maltreatment, 23(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517729479
Save the Children. (2020). The hardest places to be a child: Global Childhood Report 2020. https://www.savethechildren.org/content/dam/usa/reports/advocacy/global-childhood-report-2020.pdf, accessed 5 June 2021.
Sexual Rights Initiative. Indonesia. (2020). Adult Sex Work. https://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/373/Indonesia, accessed 6 June 2021.
Susilowati, E. & Dewi, K. (2019) “Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to Overcome Trauma of a Child Sexual Abuse Victim in Bandung-Indonesia”, Asian Social Work Journal, 4(1), pp. 20 - 28. doi: https://doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v4i1.78.
Sutinah, S. & Kinuthia, K. M. (2019). Trafficking of Women and Children in East Java, Indonesia. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(9), 94-106. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss9/9
Suyanto, B., Hidayat, M.A., & Wadipalapa, R. P. (2020). Sexual Exploitation and Violence Prostituted Children. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik. 33(2): 134-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.V33I22020.134-145
Tammy J. Butler, T., Ladd, M. & Mittel, O. (2020). Human Trafficking, Bethesda, USA: StatPearls Publishing LLC
The ASEAN Post. (2019). Worst place in ASEAN for children. The ASEAN Post , 8 June, <https://theaseanpost.com/article/worst-place-asean-children, accessed 3 June 2021.
The ASEAN Post. (2020). Protecting Indonesia’s Children, https://theaseanpost.com/article/protecting-indonesias-children.
The Free Dictionary. (n.d). Loop hole. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/loophole#:~:text=A%20way%20of%20avoiding%20or,%5Bloop%20%2B%20hole.%5D
The Law Dictionary. (n. d). What is loophole? Retrieved December 19, 2021, from https://thelawdictionary.org/loophole/
UNICEF. (2020). Action to End Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation, UNICEF New York. https://www.unicef.org/media/89206/file/CSAE-Brief-v3.pdf, accessed 2 June 2021.
UNICEF. (2020). The State of Children in Indonesia-– Trends, Opportunities and Challenges for Realizing Children’s Rights. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2020-06/The-State-of-Children-in-Indonesia-2020.pdf
UNOCD. (2020). Global Report on Trafficking Persons 2020. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf
Utami, Z., & Wadjo, H., Z. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pekerja Seks Komersil Anak Di Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru [Legal Protection for Child Commercial Sex Workers in Aru Islands Regency]. SANISA Jurnal Kreativitas Mahasiswa Hukum, 1(1): 24-33 < https://fhukum.unpatti.ac.id/jurnal/sanisa/article/view/514>, accessed 6 June 2021.
Van den Akker, W. & Spaapen, J. (2017). Productive interactions: societal impact of academic research in the knowledge society, LERU position paper March 2017. https://www.leru.org/files/Productive-Interactions-Societal-Impact-of-Academic-Research-in-the-Knowledge-Society-Full-paper.pdf
Wanamati, C.K., Yegon, G., Sundby, J., & Prince, R.J. (2019). Sexualised violence against children: a review of laws and policies in Kenya, Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 27(1): 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1586815
Williams, J. M., Wilson, S. K., & Bergeson, C. (2019). “It’s Hard Out Here if You’re a Black Felon”: A Critical Examination of Black Male Reentry. The Prison Journal, 99(4), 437–458, https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885519852088
Wolf, M. R., Pruitt, D. K., & Leet, T. (2021) Lessons Learned: Creation and Testing of a New Instrument (Sex Offenders Grooming Assessment) for Measuring Sex Offenders’ Perceptions of Their Grooming Behaviors, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(7), 785-805, DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1970681
Wowk, K., McKinney, L., Muller-Karger, F., Moll, R., Avery, S., Escobar-Briones, S., Yoskowitz. D., & McLaughlin, R. (2017). Evolving academic culture to meet societal needs, Palgrave Communications, 3(5): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0040-
Yuniantoro, F. (2018). Eksploitasi Seksual Sebagai bentuk kejahatan Kesusilaan Dalam Peraturan Perundang-undangan [Sexual Exploitation as a form of Morality Crime in Legislation]. Justisia Jurnal Hukum, 2(1): 105-126. http://journal.um-surabaya.ac.id/index.php/Justitia/article/view/1227/1372, accessed 5 June 2021.

bottom of page