Current Practice of Internal and External Dental Whitening: Epidemiological Study Among Dentists in Morocco (Part II: External Whitening)
top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Journal of Health and Medical Sciences

ISSN 2622-7258

Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.09 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.02 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.57 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.52 AM.png
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 17 February 2024

Current Practice of Internal and External Dental Whitening: Epidemiological Study Among Dentists in Morocco (Part II: External Whitening)

Drouri Sofia, Benichou Amine, Boujdila Othmane, Al jalil Zineb, Karami Malika

University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco

journal of social and political sciences
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1994.07.01.305

Pages: 49-58

Keywords: Bleaching, Discoloration, Tooth Whitening, Hydrogen Peroxide, Carbamide Hydroxide, Internal Bleaching, External Bleaching, Walking Bleach Technique

Abstract

Aim: To find out which whitening techniques and products are currently used by dentists in two cities, Marrakech and Khouribga-Morocco. Methods: Study type: Descriptive cross-sectional survey; Study population: 347 dentists practicing in the private sector, including 276 dentists in Marrakech and 71 in Khouribga; Study design: a questionnaire was drawn up to collect the data required for the study; Statistical analysis: data were analyzed using SPSS software at the FMDC Community Health Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Results: 205 responses out of 347 questionnaires distributed. External whitening was most widely used in Khouribga, and internal whitening most widely used in Marrakech; 35.7% of dentists used hydrogen peroxide at 35% as an internal whitening product; 35.9% of dentists used carbamide peroxide at 15% as an at-home bleaching product; 67% of dentists made casts with reservoirs; 66% of dentists used 35% hydrogen peroxide in the dental office; 81.2% of practitioners used the light activation as a means of activation, while 37% used the whitening product for 30 minutes with the light activation. Conclusion: Dentists in Khouribga and Marrakech frequently employ the oldest high concentration whitening procedures. It is imperative that dentists in these two cities receive ongoing training. It must be regular, demanding and of high quality, as the therapeutics of each dyschromia and the specificities of internal and external bleaching protocols call for up-to-date knowledge.

References

  1. Alkahtani, R., Stone, S., German, M., & Waterhouse, P. (2020). A review on dental whitening. Journal of dentistry, 100, 103423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103423

  2. Clement, M., Marcoux, C. (2018) dental dyschromia: a precise diagnosis for successful aesthetic treatment. CdP edition.

  3. Buchalla, W., & Attin, T. (2007). External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light or laser--a systematic review. Dental materials: official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials, 23(5), 586–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.03.018

  4. Demarco, F. F., Conde, M. C., Ely, C., Torre, E. N., Costa, J. R., Fernández, M. R., & Tarquinio, S. B. (2013). Preferences on vital and nonvital tooth bleaching: a survey among dentists from a city of southern Brazil. Brazilian dental journal, 24(5), 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302152

  5. Sutil, E., da Silva, K. L., Terra, R. M. O., Burey, A., Rezende, M., Reis, A., & Loguercio, A. D. (2022). Effectiveness and adverse effects of at-home dental bleaching with 37% versus 10% carbamide peroxide: A randomized, blind clinical trial. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 34(2), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12677

  6. de Geus, J. L., Wambier, L. M., Boing, T. F., Loguercio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2018). At-home Bleaching With 10% vs More Concentrated Carbamide Peroxide Gels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Operative dentistry, 43(4), E210–E222. https://doi.org/10.2341/17-222-L

  7. Greenwall-Cohen, J., & Greenwall, L. H. (2019). The single discoloured tooth: vital and non-vital bleaching techniques. British dental journal, 226(11), 839–849. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-0373-9

  8. Geisinger, S., Kwon, S. R., & Qian, F. (2015). Employment of Reservoirs in At-Home Whitening Trays: Efficacy and Efficiency in Tooth Whitening. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 16(5), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1694

  9. Martini, E. C., Favoreto, M. W., de Andrade, H. F., Coppla, F. M., Loguercio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2021). One-year follow-up evaluation of reservoirs in bleaching trays for at-home bleaching. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 33(7), 992–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12797

  10. Haywood, V. B., & Sword, R. J. (2021). Tray bleaching status and insights. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 33(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12688

  11. López Darriba, I., Novoa, L., & de la Peña, V. A. (2017). Efficacy of different protocols for at-home bleaching: A randomized clinical trial. American journal of dentistry, 30(6), 329–334.

  12. de Fátima Carvalho Vasconcelos, M., Fonseca-Gonçalves, A., de França, A. K. A., de Medeiros, U. V., Maia, L. C., & Queiroz, C. S. (2017). An In Vitro Evaluation of Human Enamel Surfaces Subjected to Erosive Challenge After Bleaching. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 29(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12277

  13. Lilaj, B., Dauti, R., Agis, H., Schmid-Schwap, M., Franz, A., Kanz, F., Moritz, A., Schedle, A., & Cvikl, B. (2019). Comparison of Bleaching Products With Up to 6% and With More Than 6% Hydrogen Peroxide: Whitening Efficacy Using BI and WI D and Side Effects - An in vitro Study. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00919

  14. Martín, J., Vildósola, P., Bersezio, C., Herrera, A., Bortolatto, J., Saad, J. R., Oliveira, O. B., Jr, & Fernández, E. (2015). Effectiveness of 6% hydrogen peroxide concentration for tooth bleaching—A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Journal of dentistry, 43(8), 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.011

  15. Maran, B. M., Matos, T. P., de Castro, A. D. S., Vochikovski, L., Amadori, A. L., Loguercio, A. D., Reis, A., & Berger, S. B. (2020). In-office bleaching with low/medium vs. high concentrate hydrogen peroxide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of dentistry, 103, 103499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103499

  16. Tekce, A. U., & Yazici, A. R. (2022). Clinical comparison of diode laser- and LED-activated tooth bleaching: 9-month follow-up. Lasers in medical science, 37(8), 3237–3247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-022-03612-1

  17. Alshammery S. (2019). Evaluation of Light Activation on In-office Dental Bleaching: A Systematic Review. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 20(11), 1355–1360.

  18. Baroudi, K., & Hassan, N. A. (2014). The effect of light-activation sources on tooth bleaching. Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 55(5), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.140316

  19. Maran, B. M., Ziegelmann, P. K., Burey, A., de Paris Matos, T., Loguercio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2019). Different light-activation systems associated with dental bleaching: a systematic review and a network meta-analysis. Clinical oral investigations, 23(4), 1499–1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-02835-x

  20. Maran, B. M., Burey, A., de Paris Matos, T., Loguercio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2018). In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of dentistry, 70, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.007

  21. Yusof, E. M., Abdullah, S. A., & Mohamed, N. H. (2020). Influence of light and laser activation of tooth bleaching systems on enamel microhardness and surface roughness. Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 23(5), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_509_20

  22. Ozdemir, Z. M., & Surmelioglu, D. (2021). Effects of different bleaching application time on tooth color and mineral alteration. Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft, 233, 151590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151590

  23. Reis, A., Tay, L. Y., Herrera, D. R., Kossatz, S., & Loguercio, A. D. (2011). Clinical effects of prolonged application time of an in-office bleaching gel. Operative dentistry, 36(6), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.2341/10-173-C

  24. Ribeiro, R. A. O., Peruchi, V., Fernandes, L. O., Anselmi, C., Soares, I. P. M., Hebling, J., & Costa, C. A. S. (2022). The influence of violet LED application time on the esthetic efficacy and cytotoxicity of a 35% H2O2 bleaching gel. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, 40, 103069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103069

  25. Browning, W. D., & Swift, E. J., Jr (2011). Critical appraisal. Power bleaching. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.], 23(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2010.00390.x

  26. Mounika, A., Mandava, J., Roopesh, B., & Karri, G. (2018). Clinical evaluation of color change and tooth sensitivity with in-office and home bleaching treatments. Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(4), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_688_16

  27. Dourado Pinto, A. V., Carlos, N. R., Amaral, F. L. B. D., França, F. M. G., Turssi, C. P., & Basting, R. T. (2019). At-home, in-office and combined dental bleaching techniques using hydrogen peroxide: Randomized clinical trial evaluation of effectiveness, clinical parameters and enamel mineral content. American journal of dentistry, 32(3), 124–132.

  28. Machado, L. S., Anchieta, R. B., dos Santos, P. H., Briso, A. L., Tovar, N., Janal, M. N., Coelho, P. G., & Sundfeld, R. H. (2016). Clinical Comparison of At-Home and In-Office Dental Bleaching Procedures: A Randomized Trial of a Split-Mouth Design. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry, 36(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.11607/prd.2383

  29. Settembrini, L., Gultz, J., Kaim, J., & Scherer, W. (1997). A technique for bleaching nonvital teeth: inside/outside bleaching. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 128(9), 1283–1284. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1997.0406

  30. Liebenberg W. H. (1997). Intracoronal lightening of discolored pulpless teeth: a modified walking bleach technique. Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany: 1985), 28(12), 771–777.

  31. Poyser, N. J., Kelleher, M. G., & Briggs, P. F. (2004). Managing discoloured non-vital teeth: the inside/outside bleaching technique. Dental update, 31(4), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2004.31.4.204

  32. Pedrollo Lise, D., Siedschlag, G., Bernardon, J. K., & Baratieri, L. N. (2018). Randomized clinical trial of 2 nonvital tooth bleaching techniques: A 1-year follow-up. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 119(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.03.004

  33. Zimmerli, B., Jeger, F., & Lussi, A. (2010). Bleaching of nonvital teeth. A clinically relevant literature review. Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie = Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia, 120(4), 306–320.

bottom of page