Epidemiological Distribution of Risk Factors Contributing to Symptomatic Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Diyala Province, Iraq
top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Journal of Health and Medical Sciences

ISSN 2622-7258

Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.09 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.02 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.57 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.52 AM.png
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 29 September 2022

Epidemiological Distribution of Risk Factors Contributing to Symptomatic Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Diyala Province, Iraq

Aqeel Abbas Noaman, Sarmad Qassim Mohammed, Nasser Kareem Dhahir

Middle Technical University, Iraq

journal of social and political sciences
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1994.05.03.239

Pages: 297-303

Keywords: Helicobacter Pylori, Epidemiological Distribution, Risk Factors, Symptomatic Infection

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is a worldwide spread bacterium, that invades the submucosal membrane of the stomach via feco-oral or feco-fecal transmission, causing several gastric and duodenal diseases. The study aims to assess risk factors for the symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection and their epidemiological distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 in Baquba, Iraq. It was conducted on a sample of outpatient patients who complain of various symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, where the sample size was 194 patients, their ages ranged from 15 to 70 years, the main characteristics taken up in the study included age, sex, and place of residence, smoking status. H. pylori infection was recognized by identifying anti-H. Pylori (IgG) in patient serum using the ELISA technique. Chi-squared and Binomial tests were adopted to assess the difference between study variables. The study shows that the highest rate of infection was among patients aged 15-30 years (45.7%), most patients were females (66.3%), and the majority of them (68.5%) were rural dwellers. In conclusion, younger ages, female gender, rural dwellers, non-smokers, and those who complained of stomach pain were significantly associated with the helicobacter pylori infection.

References

  1. Ahmed, S., Salih, M., Jafri, W., Ali Shah, H. & Hamid, S. (2009). Helicobacter pylori infection: approach of primary care physicians in a developing country. BMC Gastroenterology, 9(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-9-23

  2. Al-Brefkani, A. M. T., Naqid, I. A., Yahya, N. B., & Hussein, N. (2021). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among children aged less than 18 years old in Duhok Province, Iraq: Prevalence and risk factors for H. pylori infection. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 7(3), 152–157.

  3. Al-Windi, A., Centre for Family and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden, Hussain, A. H., Salih, N., Sulaimani Technical College & Kurdistan institution for strategic studies and scientific research. (2013). Seroprevalence of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies in population of Sulaimani governorate/Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, 15(3), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10267

  4. Aminde, J. A., Dedino, G. A., Ngwasiri, C. A., Ombaku, K. S., Mahop Makon, C. A. & Aminde, L. N. (2019). Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3677-0

  5. Aqeel, A., & Luma, A. (2020) Seropositivity in Helicobacter Pylori Asymptomatic Infection and Its Correlation with Intensity And Duration of Cigarette Smoking. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 20 (1), 0000-000

  6. Cohen, D. & Muhsen, K. (2012). Association between Helicobacter pylori colonization and glycated hemoglobin levels: is this another reason to eradicate H. pylori in adulthood? The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 205(8), 1183–1185. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis110

  7. D Majeed, P., Department of Nursing-Erbil Medical Technical Institute- Erbil Polytechnic University-Erbil -Iraq & Jwan Saleh Khoshnaw, K. (2020). Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with gastroduodenal disorders in Erbil city. Diyala Journal of Medicine, 18(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.26505/djm.18014880818

  8. Faintuch, J. J., Silva, F. M., Navarro-Rodriguez, T., Barbuti, R. C., Hashimoto, C. L., Rossini, A. R. A. L., Diniz, M. A. & Eisig, J. N. (2014). Endoscopic findings in uninvestigated dyspepsia. BMC Gastroenterology, 14(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-14-19

  9. Frenck, R. W., Jr & Clemens, J. (2003). Helicobacter in the developing world. Microbes and Infection, 5(8), 705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00112-6

  10. Gomaa, A., Hassan, E. & Youssef, H. (2019). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients and outcome of load regimen on its eradication. Fayoum University Medical Journal, 4(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.21608/fumj.2019.65930

  11. Hojati, S. A., Kokabpeyk, S., Yaghoubi, S., Joukar, F., Asgharnezhad, M. & Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (2021). Helicobacter pylori infection in Iran: demographic, endoscopic and pathological factors. BMC Gastroenterology, 21(1), 355. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-021-01931-1

  12. Hou, B., Zhang, M., Liu, M., Dai, W., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Gong, M. & Wang, G. (2019). Association of active Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia in elderly males. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3849-y

  13. Huang, Q., Jia, X., Chu, Y., Zhang, X. & Ye, H. (2021). Helicobacter pylori infection in geriatric patients: Current situation and treatment regimens. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 713908. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.713908

  14. Kamholz, S. L. (2006). Pulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of smoking. Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 5(1), 157–171, x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coem.2005.10.001

  15. Khalifa, M. A. A. A., Khodiar, S. E.-F. & Almaksoud, A. A. (2014). Cigarette smoking status and Helicobacter pylori infection in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients. The Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, 63(3), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.03.007

  16. Khoder, G., Muhammad, J. S., Mahmoud, I., Soliman, S. S. M. & Burucoa, C. (2019). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its associated factors among healthy asymptomatic residents in the United Arab Emirates. Pathogens, 8(2), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020044

  17. Melese, A., Genet, C., Zeleke, B. & Andualem, T. (2019). Helicobacter pylori infections in Ethiopia; prevalence and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterology, 19(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0927-3

  18. Módena, J. L. P., Acrani, G. O., Micas, A. F. D., Castro, M. de, Silveira, W. D. da, Módena, J. L. P., Oliveira, R. B. de & Brocchi, M. (2007). Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric diseases and life habits among patients treated at a university hospital in Southeast Brazil. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702007000100020

  19. Namyalo, E., Nyakarahuka, L., Afayoa, M., Baziira, J., Tamale, A., Atuhaire, G. C. & Kungu, J. M. (2021). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms: A retrospective study at selected Africa air rescue (AAR) clinics in Kampala, Uganda, from 2015 to 2019. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2021, 9935142. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9935142

  20. Neri, M. C., Lai, L., Bonetti, P., Baldassarri, A. R., Monti, M., De Luca, P., Cunietti, E. & Quatrini, M. (1996). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in elderly inpatients and in institutionalized old people: correlation with nutritional status. Age and Ageing, 25(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/25.1.17

  21. Nicoline, F. T., Rol & N, N. (2013). A South African perspective on Helicobacter pylori: Prevalence, epidemiology and antimicrobial chemotherapy. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(21), 2430–2437. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.5594

  22. Olokoba, A. B., Gashau, W., Bwala, S., Adamu, A. & Salawu, F. K. (2013). Helicobacter pylori infection in Nigerians with dyspepsia. Ghana Medical Journal, 47(2), 79–81.

  23. O’Ryan, M. L., Lucero, Y., Rabello, M., Mamani, N., Salinas, A. M., Peña, A., Torres-Torreti, J. P., Mejías, A., Ramilo, O., Suarez, N., Reynolds, H. E., Orellana, A. & Lagomarcino, A. J. (2015). Persistent and transient Helicobacter pylori infections in early childhood. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 61(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ256

  24. Peleteiro, B., Bastos, A., Ferro, A. & Lunet, N. (2014). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection worldwide: a systematic review of studies with national coverage. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 59(8), 1698–1709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3063-0

  25. Pilotto, A. & Franceschi, M. (2014). Helicobacter pylori infection in older people. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 20(21), 6364–6373. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6364

  26. Plummer, M., van Doorn, L.-J., Franceschi, S., Kleter, B., Canzian, F., Vivas, J., Lopez, G., Colin, D., Muñoz, N. & Kato, I. (2007). Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated genotype and gastric precancerous lesions. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99(17), 1328–1334. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm120

  27. Rabelo-Gonçalves, E. M., Roesler, B. M. & Zeitune, J. M. (2015). Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection: Possible role of bacterium in liver and pancreas diseases. World Journal of Hepatology, 7(30), 2968–2979. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i30.2968

  28. Salles, N. (2007). Infection à Helicobacter pylori chez la personne âgée. La Revue de medecine interne, 28(6), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2007.01.017

  29. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994. (1994). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 61, 1–241.

  30. Seid, A. & Demsiss, W. (2018). Feco-prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among symptomatic patients at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3179-5

  31. Shiota, S., Murakawi, K., Suzuki, R., Fujioka, T. & Yamaoka, Y. (2013). Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1586/egh.12.67

  32. Rasha, R. (2014). Detection of Helicobacter Pylori IgG and IgA, Serum Biomarkers CA19-9 and CEA in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23(1), 68-72

  33. Syam, A. F., Miftahussurur, M., Makmun, D., Nusi, I. A., Zain, L. H., Zulkhairi, Akil, F., Uswan, W. B., Simanjuntak, D., Uchida, T., Adi, P., Utari, A. P., Rezkitha, Y. A. A., Subsomwong, P., Nasronudin, Suzuki, R. & Yamaoka, Y. (2015). Risk factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in five largest islands of Indonesia: A preliminary study. PloS One, 10(11), e0140186. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140186

  34. Weyermann, M., Rothenbacher, D. & Brenner, H. (2009). Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood: independent contributions of infected mothers, fathers, and siblings. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 104(1), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.61

  35. World gastroenterology organisation global guideline: Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. (2011). Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 45(5), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0b013e31820fb8f6

  36. Yang, H. & Hu, B. (2021). Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Recent Advances. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 11(8), 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081305

bottom of page