Law and Humanities
Quarterly Reviews
ISSN 2827-9735
Published: 14 June 2024
The Urgency of Regulating the Air Pollution Crime as a Crime Against Humanity
Randy Ismail Sunny, Muhamad Muhdar, Mahendra Putra Kurnia
Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia
Download Full-Text Pdf
10.31014/aior.1996.03.02.119
Pages: 44-59
Keywords: Air Pollution Crime, Crime Against Humanity, Deconstruct, Global Warming
Abstract
This article examines two main issues in international environmental law regarding the extensive classification of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity. Firstly, the international law regime's indecision status of air pollution crimes, especially in the form of carbon dioxide pollution, is a crime under international law, specifically under the term crime against humanity. The challenge is to extensively deconstruct the qualification of the related crimes based on their characteristics severity and nature of both crimes qualification. Secondly, there are existing problems to regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity including the enforcement and formulation of air pollution crime as a crime against humanity, and political considerations in the formation of international agreements that regulate air pollution crime as a crime against humanity and its enforcement. In this perspective, there’s a contradictory situation where the international community is aware of global warming and carbon emissions but major industrialized countries are not fully committed to reducing carbon emissions.
References
Adelman, D. E. (2013) "The Collective Origins of Toxic Air Pollution: Implications for Greenhouse Gas Trading and Toxic Hotspots," Indiana Law Journal, 88(5). Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol88/iss1/5
Ahtensu, M. (2008). In Dubio Pro Natura?A Philosophical Analysis of the Precautionary Principle in Environmental and Health Risk Governance. [PhD Thesis, University of Turku, Turku]. https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38158/diss2008ahteensuu.pdf?sequence=1
Bassiouni, M., C. (1996). International Crimes: Jus Cogens And Obligatio Erga Omnes. Law And Contemporary Problems, Vol. 59, No. 4. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol59/iss4/6/
Binder, G. (2002). Punishment Theory: Moral or Political?. Buffalo Criminal Law Review. 5(321), 327-328. https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/293
Bodansky, D. 2010. The Art and Craft of Internasional Environmental Law. Harvard University Press.
Cassese, A. 2008. Internasional Law. First Edition. Oxford University Press.
Christianto, H. (2010). Batasan dan Perkembangan Penafsiran Ekstensif dalam Hukum Pidana. Jurnal Pamator, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21107/pamator.v3i2.2408
Costanza, R., Cornwell, L. (1992). The 4P Approach to Dealing with Scientific Uncertainty. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 34(9), 12–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1992.9930930
Crook, M., and Short, D. (2021). Developmentalism and the Genocide–Ecocide Nexus. Journal of Genocide Research, 23(2), 162–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1853914
Dreicer, M., Aarkog, A., Alexakhin, R., Anspaugh, L., Arkhipov, N. P., and Johansson, K. -J. Consequences of the Chernobyl accident for the natural and human environments. [Paper Presentation]. Conference: International conference on one decade after Chernobyl: summing up the radiological consequences of the accident, Vienna (Austria), 8-12 Apr 1996. United States.
Durney, J. (2018). Crafting a standard: environmental crimes as crimes against humanity under the International Criminal Court. Hasting Environmental Law Journal, 24(2), 413-430. https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_environmental_law_journal/vol24/iss2/13 /
Eskenazi, B., Mocarelli, P., Warner, M., Needham, L., Patterson, Jr, D.G., Samuels, S., Turner, W., Gerthoux, P.M., and Brambilla, P. 2004. Relationship of serum TCDD concentrations and age at exposure of female residents of Seveso, Italy. Journal Environmental Health Perspective, 112(1). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6573
Feuerbach, P.J.A.R.v. 1801. Lehrbuch des gemeinen in Deutschland gültigen Peinlichen Rechts. Creative Media Partners, LLC.
Fraher, Richard M. (1984). The Theoretical Justification for the New Criminal Law of the High Middle Ages: "Rei Publicae Interest, Ne Crimina Remaneant Impunita". University of Illinois Law Review. 577. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/1854/?utm_source=www.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Ffacpub%2F1854&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Hernández-Gordillo, A., Ruiz-Correa, S., Robledo-Valero, V., Hernández-Rosales, C., and Arriaga, S. (2021). Recent advancements in low-cost portable sensors for urban and indoor air quality monitoring. Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 1931–1951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01067-x
Indonesia. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2022). Enchanced Nationally Determined Contribution (ENDC) Republic of Indonesia. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 3–32. frontmatter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kim, K.H., Shon, Z.H., Nguyen, H.T., and Jeon, E.C. (2010). A Review of Major Chlorofluorocarbons and their halocarbon alternatives in the air. Atmospheric Environment, 45(7). 1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.029
Kweku, D.W., Bismark, O., Maxwell, A., Desmond, K.A., Danso, K.B., Oti-Mensah, E.A., Quachie, A.T., and Adorma, B.B. (2017). Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Gasses and Their Impact on Global Warming. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 17(6), 1-9. DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2017/39630
Lin, L. Z., Chen, J. H., Yu, Y. J., and Dong, G. H. (2023). Ambient air pollution and infant health: a narrative review. EBioMedicine, 93, 104609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104609
Luban, David, "A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity" (2004). Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 146. https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/146
Luhulima, H.V. (2018). Identifikasi dan Validitas Norma-Norma Ius Cogens Dalam Hukum Internasional. Jurnal Hukum Justitia Et Pax, 34(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jep.v34i1.1623
Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Muhdar, M. 2019. Penelitian Doctrinal dan Non- Doctrinal Pendekatan Aplikatif dalam Penelitian Hukum. Mulawarman University Press.
Nakao, M., Yamauchi, K., Ishihara, Y., Omori, H., Ichinnorov, D., and Solongo, B. (2017). Effects of air pollution and seasons on health-related quality of life of Mongolian adults living in Ulaanbaatar: cross-sectional studies. BMC Public Health, 17, 594. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4507-1
Prastowo, R.B.B. (2006). Delik Formil/Materiil, Sifat Melawan Hukum Formil/Materiil, dan Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi Kajian Teori Hukum Pidana Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI Perkara Nomor 003/PUU-IV/2006. Jurnal Hukum Pro Justitia, 24(3). https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/13099/delik-formilmateriil-sifat-melawan-hukum-formilmateriil-dan-pertanggungjawaban-p#cite
Randhawa, S.H. (2022). International criminalization and the historical emergence of international crimes. International Theory. 14(3), 460-502. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971922000021
Semarang City. Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Semarang. Seperti Apa Ya Ciri-Ciri Udara Yang Tercemar?. https://dlh.semarangkota.go.id/seperti-apa-ya-ciri-ciri-udara-yang-tercemar/
Skinnider, E. (2013). Effect, issues and challenges for victims of crimes that have a significant impact on the environment. Canadian Electronic Library. Ottawa, Ontario. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1182717/effect-issues-and-challenges-for-victims-of-crimes-that-have-a-significant-impact-on-the-environment/1735847/
Susmiyati, H.R. (2017). Nilai manfaat Pertambangan Batu Bara Di Kawasan Hutan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Sumber Daya Alam (Benefit Value of Coal Mining in Forest of Natural Resource Law Perspektif). [Doctoral Dissertation, Hasanuddin University, Makassar]. https://www.scribd.com/document/465296799/MjAxNTI1YzlkYjBmODNhN2VlZDdmMjA4OTNmOWY5YWE4YTNmNTFiYQ-pdf
United Nations. World Health Organization. (2022). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health#:~:text=Ambient%20(outdoor)%20air%20pollution%20in,and%20respiratory%20disease%2C%20and%20cancers
United States of America. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2024). What is Ocean Acidification?. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F
Triatmodjo, M., Muhdar, M., and Kurnia, M.P. (2024). Indonesia’s offshore oil and gas: decommissioning uncertainty and the legal struggle. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2024.2343191
Trouwborst, A. (2009). Prevention, Precaution, Logic And Law. The Relationship Between The Precautionary Principle And The Preventative Principle in Internasional Law And Associated Questions. Erasmus Law Review, 2(2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1498430
Tymoshenko, Y., Kyslenko, D., Kuzmichova-Kyslenko, E., Leonenko, I., and Servetsky, I. (2022). Features of the Pre-trial Investigation of Air Pollution. Environment and Ecology Research, 10(2), 133 - 145. DOI: 10.13189/eer.2022.100203.
Vollhardt, J.R. (2013). “Crime Against Humanity” or “Crime Against Jews”? Acknowledgement in Construal of the Holocaust and Its Importance for Intergroup Relations. Journal of Social Issues, 69(1), 144-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12008
Wang, X., Zoccola, D., Liew, Y.J., Tambutte, E., Cui, G., Allemand, D., Tambutte, S., and Aranda, M. (2021). The Evolution of Calcification in Reef-Building Corals. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(9), 3543–3555. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab103
Wang, Z., Yang, C., Fingas, M., Hollebone, B., Yim, U.H., and Oh, J.R. (2007). Petroleum Biomarker Fingerpirnt for Oil Spill Characterization and Source Identification. In Z. Wang & S.A. Stout (Eds.), Oil Spill Environmental Forensics Fingerprinting and Source Idenfitication. Elsier Inc.
Werner, T.T., Toumbourou, T., Maus, V., Lukas, M.C., Sonter, L.J., Muhdar, M., Runting, R.K., and Bebbington, A. (2024). Patterns of infringement, risk, and impact driven by coal mining permits in Indonesia. Ambio, 53, 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01944-y
Williams, O. (2011). Case Study: SERAC vs Nigeria examining the role of international law in supporting social movement goals [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/952