Public Compliance Response to the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in Indonesia: A Study in Serang City, Banten, and Padang City, West Sumatra
- AIOR Admin
- 51 minutes ago
- 1 min read
Le Thi Minh
Thu Dâu Mot University, Vietnam
Vietnam's commitment to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 and its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) pledging a 43.5 percent reduction by 2030 have established the political imperative for a functional domestic emissions trading system (ETS). However, the translation of these high-level commitments into operational market governance faces profound challenges rooted not only in legal design but in the structure of institutional relationships, stakeholder interests, and political economy dynamics that shape policy implementation. This study employs a qualitative policy analysis framework to examine governance fragmentation, inter-ministerial coordination failures, and multi-stakeholder dynamics in Vietnam's emerging greenhouse gas market. Drawing on documentary analysis of official policy instruments, institutional mapping, and comparative insights from ASEAN regional experiences, the study identifies four critical governance deficits: the absence of a primary regulatory authority with sufficient mandate and capacity; structural conflicts of interest arising from the dual roles of state enterprises as both regulated entities and institutional actors; the marginalization of civil society and small-scale stakeholders from market design processes; and weak horizontal coordination mechanisms across the five ministries holding overlapping jurisdiction. The study further examines how these governance deficits interact with Vietnam's broader political-administrative context—particularly the constraints imposed by a single-party governance system and a tradition of consensus-based bureaucratic decision-making—to produce systemic delays in ETS implementation. Policy recommendations focus on restructuring inter-ministerial coordination, creating participatory mechanisms for non-state stakeholders, building political commitment for effective enforcement, and designing phased implementation pathways that are administratively feasible within Vietnam's institutional capacity.
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